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6 Deadliest Biological Agents

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An anthrax attack could take many forms. For example, it could be placed in letters and mailed, as was done in 2001, or it could be put into food or water. Anthrax also could be released into the air from a truck, building, or plane. This type of attack would mean the anthrax spores could easily be blown around by the wind or carried on people’s clothes, shoes, and other objects. It only takes a small amount of anthrax to infect a large number of people. If anthrax spores were released into the air, people could breathe them in and get sick with anthrax. Inhalation anthrax is the most serious form and can kill quickly if not treated immediately. If the attack were not detected by one of the monitoring systems in place in the United States, it might go unnoticed until doctors begin to see unusual patterns of illness among sick people showing up at emergency rooms. https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/bioterrorism/threat.html Smallpox What Is Smallpox? S mallpox is an
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Schwirian, 1986

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Nursing Informatics involves identification of information needs, resolution of needs, and attainment of nursing goals/ objectives. Patricia Schwirian- Proposed a model intended to stimulate and guide systematic research in nursing informatics in 1986.Model and framework that enables identifications of significant information needs, that can foster research (some are similar to Maslow's Heirarchy of needs) The model contains four primary elements arranged to form a pyramid with a triangular base. These elements are (1) the "raw material;' which is nursingrelated information; (2) the technology, which is a computing system; (3) the users, who are nurses/students within the context of their personal and professional systems; and (4) the goal or objective toward which the three preceding elements are directed. The model depicts the fact that information, user, and computer interact to form NI activity (shown here as the base of the pyramid). The placement of the goal
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Dreyfus Model

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The Five Dreyfus Model Stages During the seventies, the Dreyfus brothers conducted a thorough research on the topic of how an individual obtains and masters a skill. They observed people with high-quality expertise in different spheres and came to the conclusion, that the individual doesn’t only acquire more knowledge in his field, his whole perception and approach to the world evolves. They created a five-stage model which aims to describe the journey of a person from obtaining a skill to mastering it. 1. Being a Novice When the individual has little or no experience at all in executing a particular skill. The Dreyfus brothers describe it in a manner, which is untraditional. By “experience” they mean the fact that performing the particular skill would lead to no change of perspective or thought within the person. There are plenty of cases to be given as an example, as many people work in the same position for years, but do not obtain any knowledge, nor “experience” and their ten yea
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Staggers, Gasserts, And Curran, 2001

Informatics Competencies for Nurses at Four Level of Practice Dr. Staggers is Associate Chief information Officer, Information Technology Services, Salt Lake City, Utah, Dr. Gassert is Informatics Nurse Consultant, Division of Nursing, Bureau of Health Professions. Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland; and Dr. Curran is Assistant Professor and Director. Intormatics Program, School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, New York. H ealth care leaders emphasize the need to include information technology and informatics concepts flin nursing education (American Association of CoUege of Nurses [AACNI, 1997, 1998; Gassert, 1998; Pew, 1998). The Pew Health Professions Commission (1998) stated that the effective and appropriate use of communication and information technologies was one of 21 essential competencies needed by al health care professionals. A panel of national nursing informatics (NI) experts outlined strategic directions for nursing in 1996.
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Graves and Corcoran, 1989

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Nursing Informatics has been defined by Graves and Corcoran (1989) as “a combination of computer science, information science and nursing science designed to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information and knowledge to support the practice of nursing and the delivery of nursing care.” It is an emerging area of specialization that is rapidly becoming an essential component of educational programs at all levels, in response to the pervasive use of the computer in the health care system. Graves and Corcoran’s definition acknowledges the necessity of using a multidisciplinary approach to fully utilize the potential of the computer in nursing. More importantly, it provides direction for education by placing the computer in its proper perspective and focusing on it as a tool for managing and processing healthcare information. https://link.springer.com/chapter/                                            
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Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice

What are the scope and standards of practice? The scope and standards of practice are authoritative statements on how the professional nurse should practice. They aren’t prescriptive; they don’t state exactly how to perform specific job tasks or functions. But they do serve as a guide on how to perform those tasks and functions competently. Providing a framework for the expectations of critical thinking and professional behavior, they are developed by nursing specialty organizations in concert with the American Nurses Association (ANA). All documents are approved by ANA and must be based on the cornerstone document ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (2nd edition). This book sets standards of practice and professional performance for registered nurses (RNs) in all specialties, roles, and practice environments. Nursing specialty organizations then develop documents to meet the practice and performance competencies of their specific specialty. (See Scope and standards: Th
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Nursings' Social Policy Statement

Nursing is a part of the society from which it grew and continues to evolve. As a profession, nursing is valued both within and outside that society. From the time of Florence Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not in 1859 and the work of Virginia Henderson in 1961, the nursing profession has been responsive to the needs of society. Continuing this tradition, in 1980 the American Nurses Association (ANA) published the fi rst Nursing: A Social Policy Statement (ANA, 1980), which was updated in 1995 as Nursing’s Social Policy Statement. In 2003, ANA published the second edition of Nursing’s Social Policy Statement. Subsequently in 2010, ANA published Nursing’s Social Policy Statement: The Essence of the Profession (ANA, 2010a), which articulates the ways in which contemporary nursing as a profession is valued within U.S. society and is uniquely accountable to that society. As with its predecessors, the current edition provides helpful information to nurses, other h
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